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Vitamins & vitamin-like compounds

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN; nicotinamide nucleotide and NAD precursor)

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is an NAD precursor studied in short adult trials. Systematic reviews do not establish a reliable same-day focus, anti-aging, or general cognitive benefit, and long-term or pregnancy safety remains uncertain.

Fatigue ResistancePhysical PerformanceHealthy AgingMitochondrial SupportGlucose MetabolismInsulin Sensitivity RelatedClinical Research
Updated August 2026/4 min read/13 citations
Reviewed by the NootropicsIndex editorial team.Method: prioritize cited human research and official safety or regulatory sources; compare retailer-listed prices without endorsing products.Affiliate disclosure
01

What is it?

Identity

1

NMN is nicotinamide mononucleotide, a nucleotide intermediate in NAD biosynthesis and a derivative within the broader vitamin B3 context.

Human evidence

11

Systematic reviews of short adult trials report NAD-related biomarker changes but inconsistent or limited clinical outcomes. These data do not establish a nootropic or anti-aging effect.

02

Names, aliases and forms

Common NameNicotinamide mononucleotide
AbbreviationNMN
Chemical Namebeta-nicotinamide mononucleotide
Molecular FormulaC11H15N2O8P
Pubchem Cid14180
InchikeyDAYLJWODMCOQEW-TURQNECASA-N
03

Potential effects and evidence map

Short randomized trials show that oral NMN can affect NAD-related biomarkers, but systematic reviews find heterogeneous and mostly limited clinical outcomes. Evidence does not establish a routine nootropic dose, long-term benefit, or long-term safety.

Effect domainMagnitudeGrade
Focus / attention11
UnknownConfidence: Medium

Systematic reviews do not establish a reliable focus or attention benefit from NMN in healthy adults.

Note Biomarker changes are not cognitive outcomes.

0/5
C
Cellular / long-term brain support12
CumulativeConfidence: Low

NMN can alter NAD-related biomarkers, but clinical meaning and durable healthy-aging outcomes remain uncertain.

Note Short heterogeneous adult trials.

1/5
C
04

Timing & effect horizon

Effect horizonUnknown
Unknown
Timing and duration11

No reliable acute onset, same-day effect duration, or routine cycle is established. Trial follow-up periods cannot be presented as an effect window.

05

Safety, side effects and risk profile

Evidence uncertainty11
Confidence: High

Long-term efficacy and safety are not established.

Note Available trials are generally short and heterogeneous.

2/5
B
Interaction risk11
Confidence: Low

Medication-interaction evidence is insufficient.

Note Do not infer compatibility from short trials.

1/5
D
Pregnancy / lactation caution4
Confidence: Medium

Safety in pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Note The assessed general-adult evidence does not establish use in these populations.

2/5
D
Safety limits4

Short adult trials provide limited tolerability information, while long-term safety remains uncertain. Pregnancy and lactation are not established use contexts for NMN supplements.

06

Interactions and cautions

Medication context11

Formal medication-interaction evidence is insufficient, so short biomarker trials cannot establish compatibility with prescription regimens.

07

Legal and regulatory status

United States regulatory context13

On September 29, 2025, FDA concluded that NMN is not excluded from the U.S. dietary-supplement definition by the drug-exclusion provision. This petition response is not FDA approval of NMN safety, efficacy, labeling, or any specific product; new-dietary-ingredient and other compliance duties remain product-specific. Status is stated for the United States as of 2026.

08

Practical buying and quality notes

  • Confirm beta-NMN identity, active amount, contaminant testing, storage information, and the seller’s current jurisdiction-specific compliance basis. Do not buy on same-day focus or longevity guarantees.1
09

FAQ

NMN versus related B3 compounds

1

NMN is a nucleotide NAD precursor, while niacinamide is a vitamin B3 vitamer and nicotinamide riboside is a different precursor. Trial results, amounts, regulatory context, and product identity cannot be transferred between them.

10

References

  1. PubChem. Compound Summary for CID 14180, Nicotinamide Mononucleotide.
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Questions and Answers on Dietary Supplements. Content current as of February 21, 2024.
  3. Regulations.gov/FDA public docket document FDA-2023-P-0872-2754 concerning NMN citizen petition response. September 29, 2025.
  4. EFSA NDA Panel. Safety of beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide (beta-NMN) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and bioavailability as a source of nicotinamide. EFSA J. 2026.
  5. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-dependent clinical trial. Geroscience. 2023.
  6. Igarashi M, Miura M, Williams E, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood NAD levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. NPJ Aging. 2022.
  7. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021.
  8. Kim M, Seol J, Sato T, Fukamizu Y. Effect of 12-week intake of nicotinamide mononucleotide on sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older Japanese adults. Nutrients. 2022.
  9. Hu C, Wang J, Fang Y, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021.
  10. Irie J, Inagaki E, Fujita M, et al. Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men. Endocr J. 2020.
  11. Yi L et al. Efficacy and safety of beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024.
  12. Systematic review and meta-analysis of NMN supplementation and metabolic outcomes in adults. 2024.
  13. U.S. FDA response to citizen petition FDA-2023-P-0872 regarding beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide. September 29, 2025.
Note

This page is informational and summarizes available evidence. It is not medical advice, a recommendation, or a substitute for guidance from a qualified clinician.